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H_1.6Mn_1.6O₄ lithium-ion screen adsorbents were synthesized by soft chemical synthesis and solid phase calcination and then applied to the recovery of metal Li and Co from waste cathode materials of a lithium cobalt oxide-based battery. The leaching experiments of cobalt and lithium from cathode materials by a citrate hydrogen peroxide system and tartaric acid system were investigated. The experimental results showed that under the citrate hydrogen peroxide system, when the temperature was 90 °C, the rotation speed was 600 r·min⁻¹ and the solid–liquid ratio was 10 g·1 L⁻¹, the leaching rate of Co and Li could reach 86.21% and 96.9%, respectively. Under the tartaric acid system, the leaching rates of Co and Li were 90.34% and 92.47%, respectively, under the previous operating conditions. The adsorption results of the lithium-ion screen showed that the adsorbents were highly selective for Li⁺, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 38.05 mg·g⁻¹. In the process of lithium removal, the dissolution rate of lithium was about 91%, and the results of multiple cycles showed that the stability of the adsorbent was high. The recovery results showed that the purity of LiCl, Li₂CO₃ and CoCl₂ crystals could reach 93%, 99.59% and 87.9%, respectively. LiCoO₂ was regenerated by the sol–gel method. XRD results showed that the regenerated LiCoO₂ had the advantages of higher crystallinity and less impurity.