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The performance of camera-based polarization sensors largely depends on the estimated model parameters obtained through calibration. Limited by manufacturing processes, the low extinction ratio and inconsistency of the polarizer can reduce the measurement accuracy of the sensor. To account for the challenges, one extinction ratio coefficient was introduced into the calibration model to unify the light intensity of two orthogonal channels. Since the introduced extinction ratio coefficient is associated with degree of polarization (DOP), a new calibration method considering both azimuth of polarization (AOP) error and DOP error for the bionic camera-based polarization sensor was proposed to improve the accuracy of the calibration model parameter estimation. To evaluate the performance of the proposed camera-based polarization calibration model using the new calibration method, both indoor and outdoor calibration experiments were carried out. It was found that the new calibration method for the proposed calibration model could achieve desirable performance in terms of stability and robustness of the calculated AOP and DOP values.