Dynamical Reason for a Cyclic Universe

oleh: Ying-Qiu Gu

Format: Article
Diterbitkan: MDPI AG 2021-11-01

Deskripsi

By analyzing the energy-momentum tensor and equations of state of ideal gas, scalar, spinor and vector potential in detail, we find that the total mass density of all matter is always positive, and the initial total pressure is negative. Under these conditions, by qualitatively analyzing the global behavior of the dynamical equation of cosmological model, we get the following results: (i) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>K</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, namely, the global spatial structure of the universe should be a three-dimensional sphere <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi>S</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>; (ii) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><mo>Λ</mo><mo><</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>24</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width="3.33333pt"></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>ly</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the cosmological constant should be zero or an infinitesimal; (iii) <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, the initial singularity of the universe is unreachable, and the evolution of the universe should be cyclic in time. Since the matter components considered are quite complete and the proof is very elementary and strict, these conclusions are quite reliable in logic and compatible with all observational data. Obviously, these conclusions will be very helpful to correct some popular misconceptions and bring great convenience to further research other problems in cosmology such as the properties of dark matter and dark energy. In addition, the macroscopic Lagrangian of fluid model is derived.