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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) damage is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. There may be different PNS damage types that differ in clinical symptoms and pathogenesis. A clinical case of diabetic cervicobrachial radiculoplexopathy is presented for the first time in Russia. The paper discusses the clinical features of this type versus diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexopathy, instrumental diagnosis of diabetic radiculoplexopathies, pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease, and treatment approaches. It shows the efficacy of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in a patient with diabetic radiculoplexopathy.