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Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a high-demand chemical, valued as a powerful and eco-friendly oxidant for various industrial applications. The traditional industrial method for producing H₂O₂, known as the anthraquinone process, is both costly and environmentally problematic. Electrochemical synthesis, which produces H₂O₂ using electricity, offers a sustainable alternative, particularly suited for small-scale, continuous on-site H₂O₂ generation due to the portability of electrocatalytic devices. For efficient H₂O₂ electrosynthesis, electrocatalysts must exhibit high selectivity, activity, and stability for the two-electron pathway-oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻ ORR). Transition-metal chalcogenide (TMC)-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for effective 2e⁻ ORR due to their high activity in acidic environments and the abundance of their constituent elements. This review examines the potential of TMC-based catalysts in H₂O₂ electrosynthesis, categorizing them into noble-metal and non-noble-metal chalcogenides. It underscores the importance of achieving high selectivity, activity, and stability in 2e⁻ ORR. By reviewing recent advancements and identifying key challenges, this review provides valuable insights into the development of TMC-based electrocatalysts for sustainable H₂O₂ production.