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This article considers the role of calcium and vitamin D in body functions, with focus on skeletal system. We reviewed the results of studies on calcium and vitamin D supplementation worldwide and in Russia. According to these studies, there is insufficient dietary intake of these nutrients, irrespective of geographical, ethnic features and physiological conditions. We also reviewed the data on safety of calcium supplementations for urinary and cardiovascular systems, regimens and doses for vitamin D deficiency treatment in various age groups. The article also contains data on calcium, vitamin D and combined medications, available in Russia, for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, with highlight on combined ones for better compliance and more convenient dosage frequency.