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Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a serious morbidity of prematurity. It is a pathophysiological condition that occurs due to abnormal proliferation of the retinal vessels. The incidence and severity of ROP increase with decreasing gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW).The enhanced chance of survival of premature babies in parallel with the developments in neonatal care increased the incidence of ROP. Early diagnosis and timely and appropriate treatment of ROP increases the quality of life by preventing vision loss.Many risk factors were reported besides prematurity and inappropriate oxygen treatment for preterm infants. Pediatricians and neonatologists play important role in prevention, detection and management of ROP. It should be kept in mind that ROP may also lead to medicolegal problems.