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Age⁃related cognitive dysfunction is mainly related to neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disease. The major pathological changes of cognitive dysfunction caused by aging such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are β⁃amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition, however, there are differences in the mechanism of its effect on brain damage. This article described how the common mechanism of Aβ deposition leads to the pathogenesis of CAA and AD, the mutual influence of the pathological mechanisms of the two diseases, and how Aβ deposition simultaneously cause cognitive dysfunction and neurological dysfunction.