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The <i>ATM</i> gene is mutated in the syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), which is characterized by predisposition to cancer. Patients with AT have an elevated risk of breast and brain tumors Carrying mutations in <i>ATM</i>, patients with AT have an elevated risk of breast and brain tumors. An increased frequency of <i>ATM</i> mutations has also been reported in patients with breast and brain tumors; however, the magnitude of this risk remains uncertain. With the exception of a few common mutations, the spectrum of <i>ATM</i> alterations is heterogeneous in diverse populations, and appears to be remarkably dependent on the ethnicity of patients. This review aims to provide an easily accessible summary of common variants in different populations which could be useful in <i>ATM</i> screening programs. In addition, we have summarized previous research on ATM, including its molecular functions. We attempt to demonstrate the signi?cance of ATM in exploration of breast and brain tumors and its potential as a therapeutic target.