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Summary: Flow-based hydrovoltaic nanogenerators have attracted particular attention as efficient and facile miniature energy-harvesting devices. However, they deliver relatively low output power density and limited power conversion efficiency owing to inefficient charge separation and poor charge accumulation. Here, we report the fabrication of high-performance, fiber-shaped fluidic nanogenerators (FFNGs) that use MoS2-encapsulated C fibers. The FFNGs deliver stable output voltages of 540 mV and an ultrahigh power density of 10.8 W m−2. With experiments and density functional theory calculations, improvements in output performance can be attributed to smaller energy requirements for Na+ cation adsorption, increased charge separation, and diffusion layer formations on the near surface. Moreover, self-powered, integrated devices achieve a maximum total power conversion-storage efficiency of ∼11% and stable output voltage up to 3.1 V, which is applicable for use in consumer electronics devices.