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A search for the microorganisms responsible for the anaerobic degradation of osmoprotectants in soda lakes resulted in the isolation of a novel halophilic and alkalitolerant strain, designated Z-7514^T. The cells were Gram-stain-negative and non-endospore-forming rods. Optimal growth occurs at 1.6–2.1 M Na⁺, pH 8.0–8.5, and 31–35 °C. The strain utilized mainly sugars, low molecular polyols, and ethanolamine as well. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain Z-7514^T was 33.3 mol%. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses revealed that strain Z-7514^T belongs to the genus <i>Halanaerobium</i>. On the basis of phenotypic properties and the dDDH and ANI values with close validly published species, it was proposed to evolve strain Z-7514^T within the genus <i>Halanaerobium</i> into novel species, for which the name <i>Halanaerobium polyolivorans</i> sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain was Z-7514^T (=KCTC 25405^T = VKM B-3577^T). For species of the genus <i>Halanaerobium</i>, the utilization of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and ethanolamine were shown for the first time. The anaerobic degradation of glycols and ethanolamine by strain Z-7514^T may represent a novel metabiotic pathway within the alkaliphilic microbial community. Based on a detailed genomic analysis, the main pathways of catabolism of most of the used substrates have been identified.