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This paper investigated the stress distribution of an adhesive layer for GFRP–steel bonded joints under 22.48 kN tensile loading using a three-dimensional numerical simulation. Firstly, a stress analysis of three paths was conducted, and after comparison, path II (through the middle layer of the bonding layer) was adopted as the analyzing path. Furthermore, a systemically parametric study of the effects of the FRP stiffness (i.e., elastic modulus and thickness), bonding length, adhesive thickness, and adhesive modulus was conducted. For the joints with different FRP elastic moduli, the minimum value of normal peeling stress was calculated as −3.80 MPa by the FRP for 10 GPa, showing a significantly severe stress concentration of FRP for 10 GPa. An analysis of the von Mises stresses proved that the increase in FRP stiffness could reduce the stress concentration of the adhesive layer effectively. The study of the effect of bonding lengths indicated that a more uniform peeling stress distribution could result from the longest bonding size; the largest peeling stress of 6.54 MPa was calculated for a bonding length of 30 mm. Further parameter analysis showed that the stress concentration of the adhesive layer could be influenced by the FRP thickness, bonding thickness, and elastic modulus of the adhesive layer.