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Plant essential oils may serve as safe alternatives to detrimental synthetic pesticides due to relatively lower side effects on the environment and non-targeted organisms. The current study was conducted to investigate the ovicidal toxicity and physiological disruptions of six medicinal plant essential oils, including <i>Artemisia annua</i> L., <i>Lavandula angustifolia</i> Mill., <i>Origanum vulgare</i> L., <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> Spenn., <i>Satureja hortensis</i> L., and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> L., on elm leaf beetle <i>Xanthogaleruca luteola</i> (Mull.). The LC₅₀ (Lethal Concentration to kill 50% of tested insects) values of 122.8, 287.5, 152.8, 180.6, 315.9, and 1366.2 ppm were recorded for <i>T. vulgaris, L. angustifolia</i>, <i>A. annua</i>, <i>S. hortensis</i>, <i>R. officinalis</i>, and <i>O. vulgare</i>, respectively, 72 h after treatment of 3-day-old eggs of the pest. Significant decreases in the amounts of glucose, protein, and triglyceride macromolecules were also observed after treatment. The application of essential oils derived from <i>T. vulgaris</i>, <i>A. annua,</i> and <i>S. hortensis</i> at 400 ppm revealed 100% ovicidal activity. Accordingly, tested essential oils, particularly the essential oil of <i>T. vulgaris</i>, have been promising potential as biorational insecticides in the management of <i>X. luteola</i>.