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The detection technology and identification method of blasting fragmentation can be used to quickly quantify and feed back the blasting effect. In this paper, aiming at the phenomenon of false edge or missing edge in image edge detection operator, an improved Canny operator edge detection method is proposed. Firstly, statistical filtering is used to solve the problem of image edge blur. Then, based on the 3 × 3 gradient template of the operator, the gradient amplitude and direction of the burst image are calculated. Finally, the natural iterative method is used to obtain the image threshold, and the discontinuous edge is repaired by morphological closure operation and thinning operator to obtain the final detected edge. The experimental results show that the improved Canny operator removes the granular and flake noise of the blasting block, maintains the integrity of the edge of the explosive pile image, and has high authenticity and feasibility.