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Resistant variety screening is widely recommended for the management of <i>Sitobion avenae</i>. The purpose of this study was to assess responses of six wheat varieties (lines) to <i>S. avenae</i>. The aphid quantity ratio (AQR) was used to assess <i>S. avenae</i> resistance. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to perform a correlation analysis between AQR, biological parameters, and the accumulation of total phenolic and flavonoid content. When compared to the other cultivars, the results showed that two cultivars, Yongliang No.15 and Ganchun No.18, had high resistance against <i>S. avenae</i>. The correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between total phenol and flavonoid content accumulation and developmental duration (DD), and a negative relationship between accumulation and weight gain (WG) and mean relative growth rate (MRGR). The correlation between flavonoid and biological parameters was statistically stronger than the correlation between total phenol and biological parameters. This research provides critical cues for screening and improving aphid-resistant wheat varieties in the field and will aid in our understanding of the resistance mechanism of wheat varieties against <i>S. avenae.</i>