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The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of the <i>TLR2</i> (Toll-like receptor 2 gene) 2258G>A (rs5743708), <i>TLR4</i> (Toll-like receptor 4 gene) 896A>G (rs4986790), and <i>TLR4</i> 1196C>T (rs4986791) polymorphisms with dental caries in Polish children. The participants, 261 15-year-old children, were divided into two groups: 82 cases (i.e., children with DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) index >5, having either moderate or high caries experience, assigned as the “higher” caries experience group) and 179 controls (i.e., children with DMFT ≤ 5, having either low or very low caries experience, assigned as the “lower” caries experience group). Genomic DNA was isolated from buccal swabs, and genotyping was determined by means of real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). There were no significant differences in the genotype or allele distributions in all tested SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) between children with “higher” caries experience and those with “lower” caries experience. <i>TLR4</i> haplotype frequencies did not differ significantly between cases and controls. In an additional analysis with another case definition applied (subjects with DMFT ≥ 1 were assigned as “cases”, whereas children with DMFT = 0 were assigned as “controls”), no significant differences in the <i>TLR2</i> and <i>TLR4</i> genotype, allele frequencies, and <i>TLR4</i> haplotype frequencies were found between the case and the control groups. The results of the present study broaden our knowledge on the potential genetic factors that might affect caries risk and suggest that <i>TLR2</i> rs5743708 and <i>TLR4</i> rs4986790 and rs4986791 SNPs are not associated with dental caries susceptibility in Polish children.