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Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), such as methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone isomer (MGH-1), are associated with disease and age-related disorders, and occur spontaneously, so it is unclear why specific protein sites become modified with specific AGEs. Here, the authors use a combinatorial peptide library to determine the chemical features that favour MGH-1 formation for short peptides and demonstrate a key role of tyrosine in this process.