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Melon is an important horticultural crop worldwide. The high diversity of melon makes it a model plant for various different properties. Some quantitative trait loci or candidates have been discovered, but few were verified as limiting genetic transformation and genome editing systems. Identifying new genetic resources with resistance and special fruit quality traits is imperative to develop effective and useful breeding technologies in melon. This review describes the advances in genetics, genomics, and the breeding of melon and puts forward some recommendations in these areas.