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Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are materials capable of withstanding temperatures above 2000 °C while maintaining exceptional properties, making them ideal for aerospace, automotive, and energy applications. However, they face challenges such as brittleness and limited oxidation resistance. This review highlights the potential benefits of modifying UHTCs with graphene, a material known for its excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Incorporating graphene into UHTCs can enhance their mechanical properties, improve the oxidation resistance, increase the thermal conductivity, and tailor the electrical properties, while also improving the processability. By addressing the inherent limitations of UHTCs and enhancing their properties, graphene-modified UHTCs show promise for a wide range of high-temperature applications. The review covers recent research achievements in graphene/UHTCs composites, focusing on the synthesis methods, microstructures, macroscopic mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, thermal shock resistance, and the underlying mechanisms.