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In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field, especially in dental imaging diagnosis, has developed rapidly. This review introduces research on AI in detail from the aspects of identifying caries, periapical lesions, vertical root fracture, periodontitis, maxillary supernumerary teeth and impacted mandibular third molars, oral and maxillofacial cystic lesions and temporomandibular joint disorders. Studies have shown that the diagnostic accuracy of AI in the abovementioned oral diseases is equivalent to or even better than that of dentists, indicating that AI has potential in oral disease diagnosis. However, AI models are limited by manual annotation accuracy, poor interpretability, weak generalization ability and difficulty in incremental learning. Future investigations should focus on the development and training of algorithms to improve AI accuracy in oral disease diagnosis.