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The analysis of numerous specimens referred to as Crossodactylus dispar A. Lutz, 1925 in the literature revealed the occurrence of many distinct forms under this name. We discovered that the syntypes belong to two different species, so we designate a lectotype for C. dispar and associate the paralectotypes with Calamobates boulengeri De Witte, 1930, currently a junior synonym of C. dispar and herein revalidated under the new combination Crossodactylus boulengeri. The full species status of Crossodactylus grandis B. Lutz, 1951, originally described as a subspecies of C. dispar, is confirmed and the species is redescribed and illustrated. Crossodactylus timbuhy sp. nov. and Crossodactylus werneri sp. nov., previously associated with C. dispar, are described and illustrated based on specimens from the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, Brazil. Populations from the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina are assigned to Crossodactylus caramaschii Bastos & Pombal, 1995. We discuss patterns of distribution, the organization of species in groups, and conservation status based on museum data.