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Bronchial asthma, commonly known as asthma, is a frequently seen chronic respiratory disease that seriously threatens human health. More than 300 million people have had asthma worldwide, and most of them are children. Epidemiological investigations have shown that the prevalence of asthma among Chinese children aged 0-14 is 2.32%, and it is increasing year by year. Children are more prone to gut flora imbalance due to underdeveloped immune system, and physiologically successional changing of gut flora, which leads to the destruction of the intestinal mucosal barrier and local immune imbalance, eventually causing the development of asthma. We reviewed the latest advances in the immune regulatory mechanism of childhood asthma, and its association with gut microbiota, as well as interventions targeting gut microbiota, providing new ideas for the treatment of childhood asthma.