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The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1, CYCLOIDEA, and PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (TCP) gene family is a group of plant-specific transcription factors that have versatile functions in developmental processes and stress responses. In this study, a total of 73 <i>TCP</i> genes in upland cotton were identified and characterizated. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into three subgroups: 50 belonged to PCF, 16 to CIN, and 7 to CYC/TB1. <i>GhTCP</i> genes are randomly distributed in 22 of the 26 chromosomes in cotton. Expression patterns of <i>GhTCPs</i> were analyzed in 10 tissues, including different developmental stages of ovule and fiber, as well as under heat, salt, and drought stresses. Transcriptome analysis showed that 44 <i>GhTCP</i> genes exhibited varied transcript accumulation patterns in the tested tissues and 41 <i>GhTCP</i> genes were differentially expressed in response to heat, salt, and drought stresses. Furthermore, three <i>GhTCP</i> genes of the CIN clade were found to contain miR319-binding sites. An anti-correlation expression of <i>GhTCP21</i> and <i>GhTCP54</i> was analyzed with miR319 under salt and drought stress. Our results lay the foundation for understanding the complex mechanisms of GhTCP-mediated developmental processes and abiotic stress-signaling transduction pathways in cotton.