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Lithium Manganese Sulfates as a New Class of Supercapattery Materials at Elevated Temperatures
oleh: Delyana Marinova, Mariya Kalapsazova, Zlatina Zlatanova, Liuda Mereacre, Ekaterina Zhecheva, Radostina Stoyanova
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2023-07-01 |
Deskripsi
To make supercapattery devices feasible, there is an urgent need to find electrode materials that exhibit a hybrid mechanism of energy storage. Herein, we provide a first report on the capability of lithium manganese sulfates to be used as supercapattery materials at elevated temperatures. Two compositions are studied: monoclinic Li<sub>2</sub>Mn(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and orthorhombic Li<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, which are prepared by a freeze-drying method followed by heat treatment at 500 °C. The electrochemical performance of sulfate electrodes is evaluated in lithium-ion cells using two types of electrolytes: conventional carbonate-based electrolytes and ionic liquid IL ones. The electrochemical measurements are carried out in the temperature range of 20–60 °C. The stability of sulfate electrodes after cycling is monitored by <i>in-situ</i> Raman spectroscopy and <i>ex-situ</i> XRD and TEM analysis. It is found that sulfate salts store Li<sup>+</sup> by a hybrid mechanism that depends on the kind of electrolyte used and the recording temperature. Li<sub>2</sub>Mn(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> outperforms Li<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and displays excellent electrochemical properties at elevated temperatures: at 60 °C, the energy density reaches 280 Wh/kg at a power density of 11,000 W/kg. During cell cycling, there is a transformation of the Li-rich salt, Li<sub>2</sub>Mn(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, into a defective Li-poor one, Li<sub>2</sub>Mn<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, which appears to be responsible for the improved storage properties. The data reveals that Li<sub>2</sub>Mn(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> is a prospective candidate for supercapacitor electrode materials at elevated temperatures.