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Excessive discharge of ammonia nitrogen wastewater from intensive aquaculture has worsened in recent years. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an effective and energy-saving denitrification technology. This study intends to adopt a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) to remove ammonia nitrogen through the combination of adsorption and shortcut simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The research focuses on the operational parameters and regeneration mechanism of the MBBR adsorption-shortcut SND process. The optimal operating parameters in the adsorption stage were a hydraulic retention time of 8 h and an agitation rate of 120 r/min. For the shortcut SND stage, the ideal optimal parameters were two times alkalinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) 1.0 mg/L. Under optimal operating parameters conditions, the SND rate, TN removal rate, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NH</mi></mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-N removal rate and nitrite accumulation rate were 89.1%, 84.0%, 94.3%, and 86.4%, respectively. The synergetic actions of ion exchange and microorganisms were the main driving force for regenerating ceramsite zeolite components. The synergistic inhibitory effect of high-concentration free ammonia and low-level DO on nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was the key to achieving stable and efficient <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-N accumulation. <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-N produced in shortcut nitrification entered the ceramsite through complex mass transfer, and denitrifying bacteria can reduce these <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>NO</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>-N to N₂.