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Social media networks such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, blogs, and discussion forums are becoming powerful tools that extremist groups use to disseminate radical ideologies and propaganda, and to recruit people to their cause. Identifying extremist social media content and profiles is a top priority for counter-terrorist agencies, technology companies, and governments. The main objective of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the definition of extremism, and a detailed review of the current research regarding online extremism in text. To identify gaps in the literature, a systematic literature review (SLR) of 45 studies published between 2015 and 2020 was undertaken, which revealed challenges, technical pitfalls in previous studies, and opportunities for extending and improving prior results in meaningful ways. The systematic review indicates the need for better understanding of the landscape and directions of the online extremism. This study offers a critical analysis of the new area of research.