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Ultra-low loss fiber is promising to support 400 Gbit/s or even 1 Tbit/s ultra-high data-rate optical transmission. Currently, there have been extensive studies on ultra-low loss fibers. In this paper, we make a comprehensive survey on the state of the art of ultra-low loss fiber technology from the aspects of fabrication, industrialization status, and application. Also, as a potential type of ultra-low loss fiber, hollow fiber is introduced. We wish to provide useful technical information to readers and promote the wide application of ultra-low loss fibers.