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Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are crucial in safeguarding plants against reactive oxygen species (ROS) toxicity caused by abiotic or biotic factors. Although recent research has revealed the involvement of the <i>SOD</i> gene family in plant biological processes, the understanding of the <i>SOD</i> gene family in peanut remains inadequate. This study comprehensively characterizes the <i>SOD</i> gene family in the peanut genome. A total of 25 <i>AhSOD</i> genes were identified and subsequently categorized into three subfamilies: sixteen AhCSDs, six AhFSDs, and three AhMSDs according to the phylogenetic tree. A comprehensive analysis revealed that the <i>AhSOD</i> genes underwent segmental duplications. The majority of <i>AhSOD</i> genes exhibited conserved exon–intron and motif structures within the same subfamily. The examination of <i>cis</i>-acting elements within the promoter regions of <i>SOD</i> genes revealed that the expression of <i>AhSOD</i> was subject to regulation by plant hormones, as well as responses to defense and stress. RNA-seq analysis showed expression diversity of <i>AhSOD</i> genes in various tissues and cold, drought, and salt stresses. Furthermore, the regulation of <i>AhSOD</i> gene expression is anticipated to involve numerous transcription factors. The gene ontology annotation results validate the role of <i>AhSOD</i> genes in various stress stimuli, SOD activity, reactive oxygen species metabolic processes, and cellular oxidant detoxification processes. This investigation serves as the initial genome-wide analysis of the <i>AhSOD</i> gene family, providing a basis for comprehending the function of the <i>AhSOD</i> gene family and enhancing plant tolerance to cold, drought, and salt stresses.