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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating different concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). A commercial RMGIC (Resiglass R, Biodinâmica) was modified by incorporating 0.1% and 0.5% (by weight) of GO into the powder’s material. An unmodified RMGIC was used as a control group. Powder samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Specimens were fabricated and subjected to flexural strength (<i>n</i> = 15), modulus of elasticity (<i>n</i> = 15), Vicker’s microhardness (<i>n</i> = 10), and surface roughness tests (<i>n</i> = 10). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 5%). Experimental groups’ powder demonstrated a homogeneous dispersion of GO. No statistically significant difference was observed in flexural strength (<i>p</i> = 0.067) and modulus of elasticity (<i>p</i> = 0.143) tests. The groups containing 0.1% and 0.5% GO showed significantly higher microhardness and lower surface roughness values (<i>p</i> < 0.001) compared to the control group. The incorporation of GO nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% improved the microhardness and surface roughness without negatively affecting the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of an RMGIC.