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Hypoxemia can cause damage to any tissue in the human body. Tissue hypoxia is a condition in which oxygen (O2) delivery to the tissues does not meet their metabolic needs. The major goal in the treatment of patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF) is to ensure normal oxygenation of the body. The leading therapy option for ARF is the use of O2. The paper gives the basic principles of emergency O2 therapy: indications, treatment goals, monitoring guidelines, methods for delivery of O­2, and measures to prevent its toxic effects.