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The bamboo shoot of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> (Keng) Keng f. is a medicinal and edible plant product in China. In this study, the chemical composition of the total alkaloids from bamboo shoots and bamboo shoot shells of <i>P. amarus</i> (Keng) Keng f. (ABSP and ABSSP, respectively) were separated and investigated by UHPLC/QTOF-MS/MS. The results showed that a total of 32 alkaloids were extracted, with 15 common to both ABSP and ABSSP and 10 and 7 alkaloids distinct to ABSP and ABSSP, respectively. ABSP and ABSSP both decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 &#956;g/mL)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 78 and 55 &#956;g/mL, respectively. We also found that ABSP and ABSSP (100 &#956;g/mL) could decrease the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at both mRNA and protein levels in LPS-exposed RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, 100 &#956;g/mL of ABSP and ABSSP also significantly inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression of interleukin 1&#946; (IL-1&#946;) and tumor necrosis factor &#945; (TNF-&#945;). Additionally, ABSP and ABSSP (100 &#956;g/mL) decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Collectively, the total alkaloids from the bamboo shoots and shells of <i>P. amarus</i> exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells through the inhibition of ERK signaling. This result can provide support for the medicinal use and further study of <i>P. amarus</i>.