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Passive localization is realized by receiving the intended and unintended radiation, or reflection signals from the target. The locating system doesn’t emit electromagnetic signals to the outside, so it has the characteristics of good concealment, long operating distance and strong survivability, which has been widely used in civil and national defense fields. In this paper, the connotation and characteristics of passive localization, typical applications in military and civil fields, key performance indicators, key technologies of passive localization and passive localization based on external radiation sources are discussed, and the future development trend of passive localization technology is prospected.