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The <i>Salvia</i> genus comprises about 1000 species endowed with medicinal, aromatic, cosmetic, and ornamental applications. Even though the genus is one of the most-studied taxa of the Lamiaceae family, data on the chemical composition and biological properties of certain locally used <i>Salvia</i> species are still scarce. The present work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential of ten <i>Salvia</i> species that grow in Eastern Europe (e.g., the Republic of Moldova). LC-HRMS/MS metabolite profiling allowed for the annotation of 15 phenolic and organic acids, 18 flavonoids, 19 diterpenes, 5 sesterpenes, and 2 triterpenes. Multivariate analysis (e.g., principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis) revealed that <i>S. austriaca</i>, <i>S. nutans</i>, and <i>S. officinalis</i> formed individual clusters, whereas the remaining species had a similar composition. <i>S. officinalis</i> showed the highest activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (MIC = 0.625 mg/mL). As evaluated in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, <i>S. officinalis</i> was one of the most potent radical scavenging and metal-reducing agents (CE₅₀ values of 25.33, 8.13, and 21.01 μg/mL, respectively), followed by <i>S. verticillata</i>, <i>S. sclarea</i>, <i>S. kopetdaghensis</i>, <i>S. aethiopis</i>, and <i>S. tesquicola.</i> Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong correlations with rosmarinic acid, luteolin-<i>O</i>-glucuronide, and hydroxybenzoic acid. When the cytotoxic activity was evaluated in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, no significant reduction in cell viability was observed over the concentrations ranging from 25 and 100 μg/mL. The results confirm the potential use of understudied <i>Salvia</i> species as promising sources of antioxidant compounds for developing novel pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or cosmeceutical products.