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Characterizations of strongly compact spaces are given based on the existence of a star-countable open refinement for every increasing open cover. It is proved that a countably paracompact normal space (a perfectly normal space or a monotonically normal space) is strongly paracompact if and only if every increasing open cover of the space has a star-countable open refinement. Moreover, it is shown that a space is linearly D provided that every increasing open cover of the space has a point-countable open refinement.