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<i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) can cause severe damage to citrus plants, as it transmits <i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter spp., a causative agent of Huanglongbing disease. Symbiotic bacteria play vital roles in the ecology and biology of herbivore hosts, thereby affecting host growth and adaptation. In our research, the effects of Rutaceous plants (i.e., <i>Citrus reticulata</i> cv. Shatangju, <i>Citrus poonensis</i> cv. Ponkan, <i>Murraya paniculata</i> (orange jasmine), <i>Citrus limon</i> (lemon), and <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (navel orange)) on the gut microbiota (GM) and microbial diversity of <i>D. citri</i> adults were investigated by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. It was found that Proteobacteria dominated the GM communities. The gut microbe diversity was the highest in the ponkan-feeding population, and the lowest in the Shatangju-feeding population. The NMDS analysis revealed that there were obvious differences in the GM communities among the different hosts. PICRUSt function prediction indicated significant differences in host function, and those pathways were crucial for maintaining population reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to environmental stress in <i>D. citri</i>. Our study sheds new light on the interactions between symbionts, herbivores, and host plants and expands our knowledge on host adaptation related to GM in <i>D. citri</i>.