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Traditional culture is usually regarded as the response to environmental change. In this paper, we tried to investigate the impact of natural calamity on the cultural formation by a case study of Yellow River flooding region (YRFR). Using national population censuses and Chinese General Social Survey data and the regression discontinuity design, we estimated the influence of YRFR on the formation of cultures, including gender norms, religious beliefs, and trust. The results suggested that inner YRFR residents preferred boys than girls, believed in religions but repelled foreign religions, and lacked the trust in others in spite of their more trust on governmental organizations. Finally, we conducted robustness checks and discussed the possible influencing paths.