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The essential oil constituents, antimicrobial properties, and biosystematic characteristics (morphological, palynological, and anatomical features) of six <i>Salvia</i> species from different regions of Turkey were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in this study. The chemical composition of the essential oils of dried aerial parts of <i>Salvia</i> species, i.e., <i>S. absconditiflora</i>, <i>S. ceratophylla</i>, <i>S. multicaulis</i>, <i>S. verbenaca</i>, <i>S. viridis</i>, and <i>S. syriaca</i> were analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of the six <i>Salvia</i> species studied were 1,8-cineol, caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, and borneol in different ratios. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of species of the genus <i>Salvia</i> was tested by the disc diffusion method. The essential oils of <i>Salvia</i> species showed different antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms. The highest antimicrobial activity against <i>E. coli</i> was observed in <i>S. multicaulis</i> and the highest antimicrobial activity against <i>K. pneumoniae</i> was observed in <i>S. verbenaca</i>. The morphology of the stem, leaf, bract, and flower structures of the <i>Salvia</i> species were analyzed in this study. Anatomical investigations focused on the root, petiole, and stem in more detail. Our research has broadened the criteria of anatomical characters unique to the <i>Salvia</i> species. Under light microscopy, the pollen grains of the six species belonging to <i>Salvia</i> were isopolar and radially symmetrical. The properties of the essential oil constituents, antimicrobial properties, and biosystematic data obtained in this study contribute to the bioactive and biosystematic studies of <i>Salvia</i> species used for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic purposes.