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A novel multilayer maraging/CoCrNi composite with good mechanical properties was successfully fabricated by a vacuum hot-rolling and aging treatment. The yield strength, tensile strength, uniform elongation, and fracture elongation reached 1,151, 1,380 MPa, 15.7, and 24% respectively, realizing the aim of synergistic strengthening–toughening by effectively improving the yield strength of the CoCrNi alloy and strain-hardening capacity of the maraging steel. The vacuum state, high rolling reduction ratio, and alloy element diffusion are beneficial in strengthening the clad interface. The good work-hardening capacity of the CoCrNi alloy compensates for the poor strain-softening behavior of the maraging steel, effectively delaying the premature localized necking of the multilayer composites. The strengthening–toughening mechanism of the multilayer maraging/CoCrNi composites is mainly attributed to the strong interface, nanoscale precipitation, and strain-induced twinning.