Effects of Some Hill Reaction-Inhibiting Herbicides on Nitrous Oxide Emission from Nitrogen-Input Farming Soil

oleh: Yuta Takatsu, Sharon Y. L. Lau, Li Li, Yasuyuki Hashidoko

Format: Article
Diterbitkan: MDPI AG 2019-05-01

Deskripsi

Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission-suppressing activity of some electron-transport inhibitors of the Hill reaction system was investigated. The Hill reaction inhibitors&#8212;paraquat, isouron, bromacil, diquat, and simazine&#8212;all of which have been or are currently being used as herbicides in farming activity are expected to inhibit the electron-transporting pathways of nitrate respiration in denitrifying bacteria. Using N<sub>2</sub>O-emitting soil bed (5.0 g of fresh weight) from a continuously manured Andisol corn farmland in Hokkaido, Japan, which was autoclaved and further supplemented with an active N<sub>2</sub>O-emitter, <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. 5CFM15-6D, and 1 mL of 100 mM NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> or (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution as the sole nitrogen source (final concentration, 0.2 mM) in a 30 mL gas-chromatography vial, the effects of the five herbicides on N<sub>2</sub>O emission were examined. Paraquat and isouron (each at 50 &#181;M) showed a statistically significant suppression of N<sub>2</sub>O emission in both the nitrification and the denitrification processes after a 7-day-incubation, whereas diquat at the same concentration accelerated N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the presence of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8722;</sup>. These results suggest that paraquat and isouron inhibited both the nitrification and the denitrification processes for N<sub>2</sub>O generation, or its upstream stages, whereas diquat specifically inhibited N<sub>2</sub>O reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of N<sub>2</sub>O to N<sub>2</sub> gas. Incomplete denitrifiers are the key players in the potent emission of N<sub>2</sub>O from Andisol corn farmland soil because of the missing <i>nosZ</i> gene. The electron relay system-inhibiting herbicides&#8212;paraquat and isouron&#8212;possibly contribute to the prevention of denitrification-induced nitrogen loss from the farming soil.