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Effects of Some Hill Reaction-Inhibiting Herbicides on Nitrous Oxide Emission from Nitrogen-Input Farming Soil
oleh: Yuta Takatsu, Sharon Y. L. Lau, Li Li, Yasuyuki Hashidoko
| Format: | Article |
|---|---|
| Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2019-05-01 |
Deskripsi
Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission-suppressing activity of some electron-transport inhibitors of the Hill reaction system was investigated. The Hill reaction inhibitors—paraquat, isouron, bromacil, diquat, and simazine—all of which have been or are currently being used as herbicides in farming activity are expected to inhibit the electron-transporting pathways of nitrate respiration in denitrifying bacteria. Using N<sub>2</sub>O-emitting soil bed (5.0 g of fresh weight) from a continuously manured Andisol corn farmland in Hokkaido, Japan, which was autoclaved and further supplemented with an active N<sub>2</sub>O-emitter, <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. 5CFM15-6D, and 1 mL of 100 mM NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> or (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution as the sole nitrogen source (final concentration, 0.2 mM) in a 30 mL gas-chromatography vial, the effects of the five herbicides on N<sub>2</sub>O emission were examined. Paraquat and isouron (each at 50 µM) showed a statistically significant suppression of N<sub>2</sub>O emission in both the nitrification and the denitrification processes after a 7-day-incubation, whereas diquat at the same concentration accelerated N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the presence of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. These results suggest that paraquat and isouron inhibited both the nitrification and the denitrification processes for N<sub>2</sub>O generation, or its upstream stages, whereas diquat specifically inhibited N<sub>2</sub>O reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of N<sub>2</sub>O to N<sub>2</sub> gas. Incomplete denitrifiers are the key players in the potent emission of N<sub>2</sub>O from Andisol corn farmland soil because of the missing <i>nosZ</i> gene. The electron relay system-inhibiting herbicides—paraquat and isouron—possibly contribute to the prevention of denitrification-induced nitrogen loss from the farming soil.