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To precisely and timely control the shaft speed for a marine electric propulsion system under normal sea conditions, a new shaft speed control technique combining the evidential reasoning rule with the traditional PID controller was proposed in this study. First, an intelligent adaptive PID controller based on the evidential reasoning rule was designed for a marine electric propulsion system to obtain the PID parameters <i>K_P</i>, <i>K_I</i>, and <i>K_D</i>. Then, a local iterative optimization strategy for model parameters was proposed. Furthermore, the parameters of the adaptive PID controller model were optimized in real time by using the sequential linear programming algorithm, which enabled the adaptive adjustment of <i>K_P</i>, <i>K_I</i>, and <i>K_D</i>. Finally, the performance of the adaptive PID controller regarding the shaft speed control was compared with that of other controllers. The results showed that the adaptive PID controller designed in this study had better control performance, and the shaft speed control method based on the adaptive PID controller could better control the shaft speed of the marine electric propulsion system.