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Cancer cells, which divide indefinitely and without control, are frequently exposed to various stress factors but manage to adapt and survive. The mechanisms by which cancer cells maintain cellular homeostasis and exploit stress conditions are not yet clear. Here, we elucidate the roles of diverse cellular metabolism and its regulatory mechanisms, highlighting the essential role of metabolism in cellular composition and signal transduction. Cells respond to various stresses, including DNA damage, energy stress, and oxidative stress, thereby causing metabolic alteration. We provide profound insight into the adaptive mechanisms employed by cancer cells to ensure their survival among internal and external stressors through a comprehensive analysis of the correlation between metabolic alterations and cellular stress. Furthermore, this research establishes a robust framework for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies that specifically target the cellular adaptations of cancer cells.