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The microbial food web is an important part in aquatic ecosystem, but studies on the microbial food web in freshwater ecosystem, especially in freshwater eutrophic lakes, still need further investigation. In the present study, using eutrophic Lake Nanhu as model, the community changes of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria between the bloom and non-bloom period were analyzed, and microzooplankton grazing experiments were also conducted to measure the grazing pressure and selectivity of microzooplankton on phytoplankton community. Phytoplankton community in Lake Nanhu was mainly dominated by Cyanophyta (49.44%), especially <i>Anabaena circinalis</i> and <i>Microcystis flos-aquae</i>, during bloom period. Rotifers were the main components of zooplankton in Lake Nanhu (44.15%), <i>Brachionus calyciflorus</i> and <i>Moina macrocopa</i> were the most dominant zooplankton in the non-bloom and bloom period, respectively. <i>Bacteroidetes</i> showed significantly higher mean proportion in bloom period than that in non-bloom period (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The growth rates of phytoplankton ranged from −1.00 d⁻¹ to 1.29 d⁻¹, while grazing rates of microzooplankton ranged from −1.15 d⁻¹ to 1.05 d⁻¹. Results indicated that microzooplankton could respond quickly to the increase of phytoplankton during bloom period. Meanwhile, microzooplankton showed grazing preference on Cyanophyta and Cryptophyta during bloom period and non-bloom period, respectively. The microzooplankton grazing selectivity during bloom period might depend on phytoplankton community composition.