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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) as emerging phototherapy has attracted extensive attention in cancer therapy. However, the overexpressed glutathione (GSH) and hypoxic conditions of the tumor microenvironment (TME) sevely limit the therapeutic efficiency of PDT. Herein, we design a multifunctional nanoplatform (CBDM) for cancer therapy consisting of photosensitizer (Ce6), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and polydopamine-manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanocomplex, which is simultaneously modified by nucleolin-targeting AS1411 aptamer. This MnO2-based nanoplatform ameliorates tumor hypoxia and promotes oxygen production via the reaction between MnO2 and endogenous H2O2 and acid H+ in the TME. Besides, this biocompatibility nanoplatform exhibits an augmented PDT effect and high photothermal conversion efficiency under 808 nm laser irradiation. Importantly, the MnO2-based nanoplatform achieves a significant in vivo synergistic therapeutic effect and fights against liver metastasis of breast cancer. As a result, the excellent biocompatibility, especially the superior anticancer efficacy, and suppression of tumor metastasis make the MnO2-based nanoplatform a promising candidate for cancer therapy.