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The improvement of transportation green total factor productivity (GTFP) is crucial to the high-quality development of China’s economy under the new normal. Through dynamic and cross-regional comparison of transportation TFP and transportation GTFP, the driving force of transportation GTFP growth was analyzed. An augmented production function model and the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model were combined to analyze the spatial impact of technological progress on transportation GTFP The results are as follows: the effect of R&D investment on transportation GTFP first decreases and then increases. The impact factor of interprovincial technology spillover (DS) on transportation GTFP was always negative during the study period. The influence of foreign direct investment on transportation GTFP depends on the “pollution haven” and “pollution halo” effects. We highlighted the need for regional coordinated development and encouragement of green technology spillover. We should also promote the GTFP growth with regional differentiation.