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Abstract Background Birth asphyxia is defined as the presence of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis leading the newborn to systemic disturbances probably electrolyte disturbance also. Knowledge of these electrolyte disturbances is very valuable as it can be an important parameter affecting perinatal morbidity, mortality and ongoing management. Methods Serum sodium, potassium and ionized calcium of asphyxiated term newborn were sent within one hour of birth as per the inclusion criteria. Statistical comparison of mean values of different electrolytes between different groups of perinatal asphyxia was performed by ANOVA test for parametric data and significant data were further analyzed using post hoc test. Bivariate analysis was done to determine the correlations between Apgar score at 5 min and serum electrolytes. Pearson test was used to calculate the correlation coefficient. Box plot was used to show the median and quartile between serum electrolytes and Apgar score at 5 min. Result The mean values of sodium for mild, moderate and severe asphyxia were 135.52, 130.7 and 127.15 meq/l respectively. The values of potassium for mild, moderate and severe asphyxia were 4.96, 5.93 and 6.78 meq/l respectively. Similarly, the mean values of ionized calcium for mild, moderate and severe asphyxia were 1.07, 1.12 and 0.99 mmol/l respectively. The values of sodium and potassium among different severity of asphyxia were significantly different (p-value< 0.001). Significant positive correlation was found between serum sodium and Apgar score at 5 min. Significant negative correlation was present between serum potassium and Apgar score at 5 min. Conclusion The degree of hyponatremia and hyperkalemia was directly proportional to the severity of birth asphyxia. So these electrolyte disturbances should always be kept in mind while managing cases of perinatal asphyxia and should be managed accordingly.