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Effective fault identification and management are critical for efficient wind turbine operation. This research presents a novel <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="script">L</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> adaptive-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="script">SMC</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> system designed to enhance fault tolerance in wind turbines, specifically addressing common issues such as pump wear, hydraulic leakage, and excessive air content in the oil. By combining <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="script">SMC</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> with <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="script">L</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> adaptive control, the proposed technique effectively controls rotor speed and power, ensuring reliable performance under various conditions. The controller employs an adjustable gain and an integrated sliding surface to maintain robustness. We validate the controller’s performance in the <i>FAST</i> (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) simulation environment using a 5-megawatt wind turbine under high wind speeds. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi mathvariant="script">L</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> adaptive-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="script">SMC</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> outperforms traditional adaptive-<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="script">SMC</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula> and adaptive control schemes, particularly in the presence of faults, unknown disturbances, and turbulent wind fields. This research highlights the controller’s potential to significantly improve the reliability and efficiency of wind turbine operations.