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The ladder phenyl/vinyl polysilsesquioxane (PhVPOSS) was used to improve the flame-retardancy performances of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/aluminum hydroxide (ATH) composites due to the reactivity of its vinyl groups. FTIR, XPS, ¹H NMR, and SEM-EDS data demonstrated the PhVPOSS grafting onto EVA molecular chains. The PhVPOSS improved the thermal stability of EVA/ATH composites, as shown by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, with the cone calorimeter (CONE) experiments, EVA/ATH/PhVPOSS showed better fire safety than the EVA/ATH composites, with the PHRR, PSPR, and PCOP reduced by 7.89%, 57.4%, and 90.9%, respectively. The mechanism investigations of flame retardancy revealed that the charring behaviors of the EVA/ATH/PhVPOSS composites were improved by the formation of Si-C bonds and Si-O bonds, and a more compact and denser char layer can contribute more to the barrier effect.