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We focus on three-component SU(3) Fermi gases loaded into a square optical lattice, with population imbalance between one component and the others. At strong coupling the system is described by the SU(3) Heisenberg model with an external field that couples to the population imbalance. We discuss the ground state at the mean-field level and then analyze the thermal fluctuations with the semiclassical Monte Carlo method. The interplay of interactions, population imbalance, and thermal fluctuations gives rise to a phase transition linked to the breaking of an emergent Ising symmetry, despite the absence of frustration. This represents another scenario of discrete symmetry breaking in low-dimensional systems with continuous symmetries. Possible implementations with cold alkaline-earth(-like) atoms are discussed.