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This article aims to analyze the socio-environmental conflicts caused by mining related to Sustainable Development. Methodologically, it is based on bibliographic, documental and cartographic analysis. Sustainable development, propagated as a strategy to mediate socio-environmental conflicts, reinforces an abstract solution to a structural issue, which is based on the organization of the capitalist mode of production and has socio-historical determinants, especially for countries with dependent capitalism. In this process, the coup intensifies the deregulation of Brazilian mining, which in turn reinforces socio-environmental unsustainability. It is concluded that sustainable development ignores structural issues and that socio-environmental conflicts are caused by the expropriation of natural resources, veiled by class relations.