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Linking the Electrical Conductivity and Non-Stoichiometry of Thin Film Ce<sub>1−x</sub>Zr<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2−δ</sub> by a Resonant Nanobalance Approach
oleh: Iurii Kogut, Alexander Wollbrink, Carsten Steiner, Hendrik Wulfmeier, Fatima-Ezzahrae El Azzouzi, Ralf Moos, Holger Fritze
Format: | Article |
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Diterbitkan: | MDPI AG 2021-02-01 |
Deskripsi
Bulk ceria-zirconia solid solutions (Ce<sub>1−x</sub>Zr<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2−δ</sub>, CZO) are highly suited for application as oxygen storage materials in automotive three-way catalytic converters (TWC) due to the high levels of achievable oxygen non-stoichiometry δ. In thin film CZO, the oxygen storage properties are expected to be further enhanced. The present study addresses this aspect. CZO thin films with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 were investigated. A unique nano-thermogravimetric method for thin films that is based on the resonant nanobalance approach for high-temperature characterization of oxygen non-stoichiometry in CZO was implemented. The high-temperature electrical conductivity and the non-stoichiometry δ of CZO were measured under oxygen partial pressures <i>p</i>O<sub>2</sub> in the range of 10<sup>−24</sup>–0.2 bar. Markedly enhanced reducibility and electronic conductivity of CeO<sub>2</sub>-ZrO<sub>2</sub> as compared to CeO<sub>2−δ</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> were observed. A comparison of temperature- and <i>p</i>O<sub>2</sub>-dependences of the non-stoichiometry of thin films with literature data for bulk Ce<sub>1−x</sub>Zr<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2−δ</sub> shows enhanced reducibility in the former. The maximum conductivity was found for Ce<sub>0.8</sub>Zr<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2−δ</sub>, whereas Ce<sub>0.5</sub>Zr<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2-δ</sub> showed the highest non-stoichiometry, yielding δ = 0.16 at 900 °C and <i>p</i>O<sub>2</sub> of 10<sup>−14</sup> bar. The defect interactions in Ce<sub>1−x</sub>Zr<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2−δ</sub> are analyzed in the framework of defect models for ceria and zirconia.